Lonely Heart Essay - 660 Words

Lonely Heart The Heart is a Lonely Hunter by Carson McCullers is a novel set in a small Southern town in the late 1930’s. McCullers writes about characters who are lonely and rejected. their lives intertwine in a search for friendship and understanding. Many of the characters have a need to be understood, however; none of them ever truly are. One of the characters in the novel, Jake Blount, searches for a sympathetic ear. He appears in the New York Cafe drunk and rowdy talking to everyone and no one. He talks so much the â€Å"words came out of his throat like a cataract† (13). He constantly talks to everyone hoping someone will take the time to really listen and understand. His words come out â€Å"as though a dam inside†¦show more content†¦He also writes Antonapoulos that Blount thinks â€Å"he and I have a secret together but I do not know what it is† (183). Jake Blount thinks Singer understands him when he actually does not. Another character searching for understanding is Dr. Benedict Mady Copeland. Dr. Copeland is a black doctor with ideas that on one seems to understand regardless of how hard he tries to make them comprehend. His daughter, Portia, says that when she was a girl, he was â€Å"all the time studying by hisself† (41). Dr. Copeland is well educated and this separates him from the rest of his family. They do not understand why he has always felt the need to educate them. At a Christmas party, Dr. Copeland talks to the guests about Karl Marx and what he stood for. When he asks if everyone understands, they reply that they do. This makes him wonder if they are answering this way just to please him. He eventually turns to Mr. Singer for understanding. Dr. Copeland thinks Mr. Singer is wise and understands â€Å"the strong true purpose in a way that other white men could not† (114). Mr. Singer admits in a letter to Antonapoulos that he in fact does not understand. John Singer is another character who feels a need for understanding. He is a deaf-mute that everyone else seems to turn to when they need to vent their feelings. Singer does not communicate often unless by pen. He usually watches what everyone else has to say. Singer is in need of understandingShow MoreRelatedThe Extrordinary Influence of the Beatles Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band 1780 Words   |  7 PagesFor thousands of years, music has been influencing people in extraordinary ways. The Beatles Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band should not be mistaken as an ordinary album. Without a doubt, Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band, an incredibly innovative album, stands as the most influential album of all time; it stands as a true masterpiece. People all around, especially artists, were influenced greatly by the innovations the album brought to the world of music. Many people have said that fromRead MoreHow Was Sgt? 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The other characters seek out Singer chiefly because of what they think he has to offer them, not because they wish to offer him anything of their own. TheRead More The Heart is a Lonely Hunter Essay479 Words   |  2 PagesThe Heart is a Lonely Hunter The Heart is a Lonely Hunter by Carson McCullers is a novel that takes place in a small southern town during the times of pre-World War II, the late 1930s. McCullers main characters are misfits, lonely and rejected. They are all looking for a place in the world. The most tragic of the characters is a deaf-mute named John Singer. Singers life basically revolves around his one and only friend Spiros Antonapoulos, who is also a deaf-mute. Singer tells AntonapoulosRead MoreThe Heart Is a Lonely Hunter Literary Analysis1787 Words   |  5 PagesAn Analysis of The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter, by Carson McCullers, is written in third person point of view. However, the perspective switches between five characters. 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As the book progressesRead More The Heart Is A Lonely Hunter by Carson McCuller Essay1693 Words   |  7 PagesThe Heart Is A Lonely Hunter by Carson McCuller In Carson McCuller’s novel, The Heart Is A Lonely Hunter, the main theme is isolation and a search for some connection to be normal. McCuller’s traces the lives of five characters that center their lives around one main character named John Singer, a deaf-mute. These characters are representative of all people and not just their specific characters in the novel. McCuller’s is characterized as a Southern-Gothic writer, and was known for her depictionRead MoreEssay about Lonely Hearts Wendy Cope704 Words   |  3 Pages Writing Assignment on Poetry (Lonely Hearts pg430) Classy Classifieds; Lonely Hearts Lonely Hearts written by Wendy Cope is an enjoyable piece that draws readers in with its simplicity and straightforwardness. 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John Singer generously devotes himself to his compulsiveRead MoreThe Heart Is A Lonely Hunter And Nathaniel Hawthorne s `` Young Goodman Brown ``3100 Words   |  13 Pages How does the use of worship in both Carson McCullers’s The Heart is a Lonely Hunter and Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† shows that ultimately the void of loneliness can only be filled through connection with one’s self? Candidate number: IB Extended essay Word count: 2,768 Table of Contents: I. Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 II. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 III. Loneliness through incompletion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 IV. Incompletion

Compare and Contrast the Chinese and Russian Revolutions Free Essays

China and Russia had various similarities and differences during the early 20th century. They were different in the aspect of goals as Russia was highly concerned in making everyone literate to experience the works of Marx, Lenin and Stalin personally while neither the Chinese communist party nor the Kuomintang cared much about literacy for the masses. Another differences was the characterization of the Russian revolution by World war 1 leading to the revolt against a ruling Tsar while China, was not affected by the war was more of a civil war between the nationalists and Mao’s peasants. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and Contrast the Chinese and Russian Revolutions or any similar topic only for you Order Now Even so, both nations ended up with Communist revolutions, following the proletariat ruling belief. During the early 20th century, the Russian revolutionaries wanted all its people to be literate as to experience by reading the works of Karl Marx, Lenin and Stain first hand. Overall they were very successful in increasing the literacy rate in general. This was possible because immediately after the revolution, education was greatly overhauled in the spending on popular education. Free eduction was ordered for all children from the ages of three to sixteen years old as well as the duplication of schools within the first two years. Coeducation was also imposed as to get rid of sex discrimination and for the welfare of the whole society. However in China, the revolution did not really care about teaching and education for their citizens but rather focused primarily on replacing the existing system of government and its ruler with one headed up by the leader of the revolution, Mao Ze Dong. Another difference between the Russian and Chinese revolution was that the Russian revolution was influenced a lot by the first world war, while the Chinese revolution was untouched by it and still fought for the same beliefs as the Russian revolution. The Russian revolution was highlighted by the overthrow of Nicholas II which was brought on by the end of the first world war. Differently, the Chinese revolution was not affected by the first world war and was sparked by the Marxist ideas of the working class being able to rule. Even though the first world war was not a cause of the revolution, Mao Ze Dong’s peasant army and Chiang Kai’s nationalist army still fought until Mao’s forces defeated the nationalists in 1949. The major similarity between the Russian revolution and the Chinese revolution would be that both revolutions made the path for the nations to become Communists. They were both led by charismatic leaders Lenin and Mao Ze Dong, who were able to unite the people into the revolution. Both had similar goals and outcomes as they both aimed for the working class, Proletariats, to rule against the ruling class. Both revolutions also aimed to establishing a state ownership in their countries as well as removing any kind of inequalities within the nation. Both ending up as communist nations, the Russian revolution and the Chinese revolution were shaped by different sparks and aimed to reach its goals through different methods but strived for a similar goal inspired by the Marxist ideas of the Proletariat class to rule. How to cite Compare and Contrast the Chinese and Russian Revolutions, Papers

Influence of Stakeholders in Contemporary Organisations

Introduction Public relation involves the management of information between an individual or an organisation and the larger public. The process of handling this information may affect the target audience depending on how it is carried out. The parties involved in the undertaking can be referred to as stakeholders.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Influence of Stakeholders in Contemporary Organisations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They include the communicator, the channel of communication, and the audience or recipient of the information. The word ‘stakeholder’ in an organisation refers to a person or party who is interested in something pertaining to the firm. The individuals play a crucial role in the well-being of an organisation. Employees, clients, and suppliers are examples of stakeholders. According to Fill (2002, p. 235), it is important for an organisation to identify and understand its s takeholders. The move helps to determine where power lies in the matrix of the firm. In turn, this impacts on strategies at various levels of the focus organisation (Fill 2002, p. 235). A critical look at this statement reveals that Fill’s claim is factual. It is true that stakeholders play a crucial role in the operations of a contemporary organisation. In this paper, the author will critically evaluate this statement from the perspective of motivation, communication, classical organisation, and human relations theories. The Power and Influence of Stakeholders in a Modern Organisation Identifying Stakeholders In many organisations, most decisions are made by the management team. At times, the administrators fail to take into consideration the impacts of their decisions on various stakeholders. Implementation of these decisions and policies affects stakeholders, customers, suppliers, and other parties in various ways. A negative reaction on the part of these stakeholders may disrupt the activities of the organisation (Fill 2002, p. 236). According to Fill, it is important to understand these parties and their needs. They are the ones who determine the location and distribution of power in the organisation.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They inform who holds power and influence and how they use it. It is also important to note that understanding these individuals affects the formulation and implementation of strategies at different levels of the organisation. In addition, it impacts on the impacts of these decisions on the firm (Fill 2002, p. 233). Organisations are formed to achieve varying objectives for the owners. They have a set goal that they have to fulfil within a specified period of time. To achieve these objectives, the firm can adopt different strategies. As stated by Fill (2002, p. 235), understanding stakeholders is a strength that helps the entity to come up with the strategies needed to oversee its operations. The focus of an organisation, as stated by Fill (2002, p. 235), refers to the objectivity of the firm. A focus organisation works towards the achievement of the set goal. Such an entity has various traits. They include unity, transparency, and respect. According to Fill (2002, p. 236), the success of the operations of such a firm depends on the nature of these characteristics. The management is held responsible for most of the decisions that are made within the entity. The policies implemented can either be strong or poor. Their strengths and weaknesses depend on, among others, the management’s level of training. They are also determined by the strategies applied by the firm in resolving conflicts (Fill 2002, p. 237). The level of training, on its part, depends on the operations of the organisation. Training the management team is important to the firm. According to Fill (2002, p. 235), the mov e helps the owners of the firm to understand the stakeholders of the organisation. It is also noted that the norms of the entity and the environment within which it is operating can affect the stakeholders either negatively or positively.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Influence of Stakeholders in Contemporary Organisations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The administration team is charged with the responsibility of cultivating an enabling environment for all stakeholders. Consequently, exposing the managers to different environments equips them with the skills needed to handle their customers and other stakeholders. The environment within which the organisation is operating is determined by the relationship between the stakeholders and the management team (Coombs 2007, p. 170). The observation supports Fill’s assertion that identifying the needs of the stakeholders is important with regards to the succ ess of a focus organisation. Identifying and Understanding Stakeholders from the Perspective of the Motivation Theory Different theories have been used to identify and explain stakeholders in a contemporary organisation. They include, among others, the motivation theory. According to this model, stakeholders, need to be treated in right way. They are some of the major determinants of the location and flow of power in an entity (Coombs Holladay 2002, p. 180). The power associated with encouraging stakeholders in their various capacities can in turn play a role in the development of the organisation. It influences the formulation and implementation of strategies at a number of levels within the firm (Fill 2002, p. 235). According to Fill (2002, p. 235), stakeholders are an asset to an entity. However, their value to the firm depends on how this asset is utilised to yield the required results. Stakeholders can bring down or build an organisation. If they are motivated enough, they wil l support the firm. However, if they lack inspiration, they may work against the success of the organisation. Motivation theories explain how stakeholders can be influenced to work more. The dedication and morale towards work comes at a price for the management. It all involves understanding what the stakeholders need and require. Building a good working relationship is important (Gagne Deci 2005, p. 340).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Motivation varies depending on the duties of the stakeholders. The administration team should identify the best ways to inspire the stakeholders. The motivation can be carried out at the individual or the group level. In addition, it can take different forms, including salary increments and introduction of bonuses (Fill 2002, p. 235). Suppliers also need to be considered in their activities. Stakeholders feel appreciated when their efforts are recognised. They end up working more, which in turn helps the organisation to grow and achieve its goals. Apart from bonuses, giving the stakeholders time to relax is also important (Locke Latham 2004, p. 391). It is a way of ensuring that the stakeholders take a break from their routine duties. When they embark on their work after the break, they do so with energy and dedication. The environmental needs of the stakeholders also need to be taken care of. Establishing a favourable working environment for the stakeholders is one way of motivati ng them. They are humans and they need to be in safe surroundings free of risks. Understanding the environmental needs of the stakeholders influences strategy at different levels of the organisation (Fill 2002, p. 235). Again, it is the role of the employer to offer security and enhance safety standards for all its stakeholders. Poor working conditions demoralises many stakeholders. Many people in an organisation value their safety. It is evident in cases where stakeholders have rioted or disengaged from work due to insecurity issues (Ruigrok Wagner 2003, p. 77). The strikes lead to losses and reduced productivity in the organisation. Understanding the needs of the stakeholders helps firms avert these scenarios. Analysing Stakeholders from the Perspective of the Communication Theory Communication is important to the operations of a focus organisation. It holds a lot of power that can help in transforming the firm. According to Fill (2002, p. 235), communication among stakeholders d etermines the relationships existing in an organisation. In most cases, managers tend to alienate themselves from other stakeholders. It is not a wise thing to do, especially in a business organisation (Gagne Deci 2005, p. 354). A functional establishment should promote effective communication. The move allows for the participation of stakeholders in the process of making decisions that are crucial to the organisation (Coombs 2007, p. 169). Involving stakeholders in the decision making process eliminates frosty relationships in the workplace. It also does away with the barriers that bring wrangles and disputes in an organisation. Socialisation between stakeholders is also an important virtue in a contemporary firm. It makes it possible to carry out different social activities with the stakeholders. According to the communication theory, the tone used by the communicator may affect the people in the environment. Stakeholders should be treated in a dignified manner as adults. The man agement needs to identify the right tone to use on them to avoid sounding commanding. Many people dislike been commanded. Even though it is necessary, some people are resistant to such incidences (Coombs Holladay 2002, p. 181). Leaders must learn to be polite. Politeness benefits both the management and stakeholders. In cases of conflicts, it is hard to come to an amicable solution when the management commands the stakeholders. The tone used in communication is an example of a strategy that can work positively for the focus organisation. Psychological needs like rest, physical comfort, and reasonable work hours are also important considerations in motivation (Jawahar McLaughlin 2001, p. 400). It is also a way through which a leader can show concern towards the wellbeing of an organisation. Changes should be communicated in the right way to avoid resistance. Consequently, it is true that understanding stakeholders is power to an organisation. Failure to do this is a threat to the f ocus organisation. Understanding the Power of Stakeholders from the Perspective of the Classical Organisation Theory The classical organisation theory also holds that understanding stakeholders is a move that influences strategies in a focus organisation. The model lays down different organisational principles. They include guidelines set aside by the management to help in the smooth running of an entity. They are also aimed at solving some of the internal and external problems affecting an entity (Fill 2002, p. 235). A focus organisation needs a set of principles to operate optimally. The principles that are used to guide the operations of the entity are not estimated. Most of them are things that are discussed upon. After investigations, some of them are put into application. A good example of such a principle is the need for uniforms. Different organisations opt to have uniforms because of various reasons. However, the purpose of these attires is not to torture the stakeholders. On the contrary, it is a way of marketing an organisation. Some entities also use uniforms to be presentable (Locke Latham 2004, p. 401). Consumers in today’s market appreciate organisations that are unique and presentable. Consequently, the use of uniforms endears the firm to the market. According to the classical organisational theory, using uniforms is a strategy that can be used to enhance the image of the firm. The approach is also effective in public relations. According to Frederick Taylor, scientific management requires the application of various principles. Most of these policies are important in public relations. Relating with the public is not limited to management and stakeholders. On the contrary, it involves other individuals, including the public itself. The stakeholders involved include the management, customers, employees, suppliers, and the public. The principles are in line with those advocated for by Fill (2002, p. 235). The first policy involves assignin g all responsibilities to the manager rather than to other stakeholders. It is true that a focus organisation has to take into consideration the strategy to use in allocating responsibilities. The concerned parties should identify and analyse the stakeholders before the allocation process (Fill 2002, p. 235). It is the duty of the administrators to assign duties. Different stakeholders are qualified to perform given tasks. Sorting them out accordingly is what a manager in a focus environment should do (Fill 2002, p. 235). Planning and designing of work should be carried out in accordance with the qualification of the stakeholders. The strategy helps to deal with low productivity. It also helps to do away with avoidable mistakes in an organisation (Ruigrok Wagner 2003, p. 78). The next principle after selecting the best individual to carry out a designated task involves identifying the right way to carry out the job. According to Fill (2002, p. 235), a focused organisation must be r esponsible for its actions. Guidance with regards to all operations is always recommended. The whole entity is responsible to the market and the public. Informing stakeholders on the right method to carry out their duties helps in perfecting their roles (Locke Latham 2004, p. 399). Scientific management also requires proper training of workers and other parties (Fill 2002, p. 235). A focus organisation has to create the best environment for these stakeholders. To this end, every stakeholder should be comfortable in their position. Each of them should know what to do and how to do it. The relationship between stakeholders and the management is enhanced through training and other interventions. Leaders need to understand these stakeholders to know what they can handle. Such knowledge informs the flow of power from the management level to the echelons of the stakeholders. Scientific management of organisations informs the location of power in the entity. The scientific theory stipulat es that monitoring performance is one of the strategies that can be used to manage a focus organisation. Some managers fail to evaluate the progress of their projects (Fill 2002, p. 235). Such ignorance is not recommended as anything may happen in the process. The theory provides for support in the work organisation. Human Relations and Stakeholders in Contemporary Organisations The theory explains how the management and the stakeholders should relate to each other. The model brings together the communication and motivation theories. To a large extent, the theory takes communication as a two-way experience. The two channels include the management stakeholders’ ways of communication. Human relation theory concurs with the statement by Fill (2002, p. 235) about understanding stakeholders. It challenges leaders to relate well with their charges (Cohen-Charash Spector 2001, p. 300). The management is required to monitor the progress made by stakeholders in their daily activities . The theory underscores the importance of direct communication with stakeholders. It is why organisations have human resource and marketing managers. The duty of these administrators is to monitor the welfare of stakeholders. The strategy works in many organisations because it is easy to learn about stakeholders by establishing direct contacts with them. Some firms avoid this direct interaction with their stakeholders. Such entities use memos to communicate changes to suppliers and other stakeholders (Locke Latham 2004, p. 389). Such an approach makes the stakeholders feel neglected by the management. Leaders in a focus organisation make efforts to meet all members of staff at least once or twice per year (Friedman Miles 2002, p. 14). It is the reason why annual general meetings are held. A wide range of issues are discussed during these gatherings. The most important element in human relation is the affairs of the stakeholders(Fill 2002, p. 236). Their grievances have to be take n into consideration by the management. During meetings, leaders are required to discuss the solutions they have to some of the problems presented. Awards and promotions are also dealt with during such gatherings. Effective human relation establishments enhance the performance of the organisation. Public relation involves skills in human interactions. The whole aspect of human relations is power in itself. It influences strategies within a focus organisation (DeShon Gillespie 2005, p. 1096). Team building is a strategy used in a focus organisation to promote its operations. It involves bringing stakeholders together to work towards a common goal for the firm. In the process, a team spirit is cultivated. Performance under such circumstances is improved when stakeholderse relate well with each other. The management team has a role to play in this regard. For example, the team is expected to provide stakeholders with conditions that are conducive for teamwork. According to Fill (2002, p. 235), creating a team spirit is a strategy that a focus organisation can apply to achieve its objectives both in the long term and in the short term. Team building in itself also invokes motivation (Jawahar McLaughlin 2001, p. 400). When people work together, they motivate each other. They are able to overcome different challenges that crop up at the workplace. Conclusion It is true that understanding who stakeholders are helps to determine where power lies in an organisation. In turn, this influences strategies at different levels within a focus organisation. A focus organisation is fully dedicated in achieving all its short and long term objectives. A number of models, such as motivation, communication, classical organisation, and human resource theories, support this assertion. The relationship created at the workplace depends on the efforts applied by both the management team and the stakeholders. Leaders in a focus entity must guide their stakeholders to help them adopt th e right strategies required to meet the objectives of the firm. Motivation of these stakeholders is also important. The outcome of the whole process is power that moves an organisation towards its goals. However, for this to occur, managerial effectiveness is required. It is possible that change may be resisted in many firms. However, stakeholders should realise that transformations are necessary. The management team should come up with strategies to counter this resistance among stakeholders. References Cohen-Charash, Y Spector, P 2001, ‘The role of justice in organisations: a meta-analysis’, Organisational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes, vol. 86 no. 2, pp. 278-321. Available from http://www.academia.edu/206561/The_role_of_justice_in_organizations_A_meta-analysis Coombs, T 2007, ‘Protecting organisation reputations during a crisis: the development and application of situational crisis communication theory’, Corporate Reputation Review, vol. 10 no. 3, pp. 163-176. Available from http://www.palgrave-journals.com/crr/journal/v10/n3/full/1550049a.html Coombs, W Holladay, S 2002, ‘Helping crisis managers protect reputational assets: initial tests of the situational crisis communication theory’, Management Communication Quarterly, vol. 16 no. 2, pp. 165-186. Available from http://mcq.sagepub.com/content/16/2/165.abstract DeShon, R Gillespie, J 2005, ‘A motivated action theory account of goal orientation’, Journal of Applied Psychology, vol. 90 no. 6, pp. 1096-1127. Available from http://www.google.com/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=1cad=rjauact=8ved=0CCIQFjAAurl=http%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fdownload%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.138.1046%26rep%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdfei=V5E8Vev-AcXZasbTgOAPusg=AFQjCNETvoAVM9pwlokqOyz1XOnSF1ontgsig2=dCDuzIdps5rTECFZ_EY1lgbvm=bv.91665533,d.d2s Fill, C 2002, Marketing communications: context, strategies, and applications, 3rd edn, Financial Time Prentice Hall, Harlow. Fri edman, A Miles, S 2002, ‘Developing stakeholder theory’, Journal of Management Studies, vol. 39 no. 1, pp. 1-21. Available from http://econpapers.repec.org/article/blajomstd/v_3a39_3ay_3a2002_3ai_3a1_3ap_3a1-21.htm Gagne, M Deci, E 2005, ‘Self†determination theory and work motivation’, Journal of Organisational Behaviour, vol. 26 no. 4, pp. 331-362. Available from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/job.322/abstract Jawahar, I McLaughlin, G 2001, ‘Toward a descriptive stakeholder theory: an organisational life cycle approach’, The Academy of Management Review, vol. 26 no. 3, pp. 397-414. Available from http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/259184?uid=2129uid=2uid=70uid=4sid=21106150697061 Locke, E Latham, G 2004, ‘What should we do about motivation theory?: six recommendations for the twenty-first century’, Academy of Management Review, vol. 29 no. 3, pp. 388-403. Available from http://www.google.com/url?sa=trct=jq =esrc=ssource=webcd=1cad=rjauact=8sqi=2ved=0CB0QFjAAurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fprofile%2FGary_Latham2%2Fpublication%2F270345814_What_Should_We_Do_about_Motivation_Theory_Six_Recommendations_for_the_Twenty-First_Century%2Flinks%2F54b448ef0cf2318f0f96d0e4.pdfei=yZI8VZ6YC-Ld7QbXiYHQDgusg=AFQjCNF01agPOw6aY6qUMFEgs85MKXc-cwsig2=Dlyt-nXB1c_H8TZ8tP_wfQbvm=bv.91665533,d.d2s Ruigrok, W Wagner, H 2003, ‘Internationalisation and performance: an organisational learning perspective’, Management International Review, vol. 43 no. 1, pp. 63-83. Available from http://www.google.com/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=1cad=rjauact=8sqi=2ved=0CCIQFjAAurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F36385588_Internationalization_and_performance_An_organizational_learning_perspective%2Flinks%2F0912f50e757b0ccb44000000.pdfei=9ZI8VZG8MeSP7AapxICYCwusg=AFQjCNH5f5G51M7vhZaisa9zVqwtGadeYgsig2=kidzHwCiUPeCDfN6FzeKhQbvm=bv.91665533,d.d2s This essay on Influence of Stakeholders in Contemporary Organisations was written and submitted by user Kason Holland to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Preparing for Incidents of Terrorism at the Local Level

Preparing for Incidents of Terrorism at the Local Level Introduction It is no doubt that terrorism impacts are harsh and among the worst evils perpetrated by humans against fellow mankind. The 9/11 bombings and the bombings conducted on the pentagon and the World Trade Centre have left even the most powerful nation; the United States of America, in much fear and with much consideration of what the terrorists might be planning to  execute in the near future.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Preparing for Incidents of Terrorism at the Local Level specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Terrorism has become one among the worst effects of globalization. With ease of movement, every nation ranging from Africa’s Kenya and Uganda to the worlds most powerful, the U.S and Britain which have witnessed the devastating impact of terrorism. The vulnerability has led governments, institutions and individuals at national and local level into preventative measures in case the t errorist attack once again. The preparation is being performed in an effort to reduce the stress and fear of what might happen. Apart from people becoming more cautious of the unexpected, at the local level campaigns and mobilization are being conducted to make people of the sudden terror attacks (Victor, 2006). Preparing for Incidents of Terrorism at the Local Level In an evaluation of the area surrounding Saint Leo, much has been done to prepare the community with skills to prepare them in an event of a terror attack. Many of the initiatives are conducted to educate individuals and their families on how to take precautionary measures (Victor, 2006). Most of the effort is sector based and directed towards the local community. Mutual aid agreements are made within the local unit to strengthen the community response function, as well as work with the federal sates so as to improve the answer on terror attacks. According to several sources, the first step in preparing for the sudden p anic attacks is to solicit information on what actually happens when terror attacks actually repeats itself. History always repeats itself, and there can be no dispute that terrorism attacks in every part of the world are perpetrated by the same individuals, in the same manner with the same motive. With lessons from the past, it is celebrated for every man to prepare themselves with knowledge of what actually happens when the terrorist attack (Sageman, 2000). Learning from areas where terrorist has already struck, people should become knowledgeable. This can be done at an individual level, where a person personally takes the initiative to search for information. This may include special levels where the head of the family or one family member seeks information and uses it to educate others on the best method of responding to fatalities.Advertising Looking for research paper on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn Mo re The effect of terrorism is detrimental to an entire body and putting this in mind, it is necessary to have someone who the body can communicate to in times when the disaster strikes (Sageman, 2000; Victor, 2006). The concerned individuals should be perfectly aware of the various ways of accessing the person that will need assistance during the rescue mission. In that essence, the operation group must figure out effective ways of reaching the victims on the ground. A reliable family friend or relative should be chosen so that the person is free and does not disappoint incase of disaster. In so doing, the person should be far aware from the community so that they are not direct victims in case of the terror attacks. On the other hand, they should not be too far so that travelling and communication becomes a problem. When travelling is not a problem, the individual can be consulted to come for the victims in case the terror attacks cause harm to means of transport for the pe rson or their family. Many times, terror attacks occur when family members are not running. It is therefore, crucial locally to equip every single member of the family with telephone contacts of the person who will become the liberation of the family in case of terror attacks. School going children should be given the telephone number of the person, and in every school, there should be a section where parents and guardians can make the emergency number of the person to be contacted incase of terror attacks (Michael, 2006; Sageman, 2000). While mobile phones have become the most appropriate means of communication in the modern society, it is also necessary to rely on emails and other forms of online communication since during attacks, telephone lines and mobile phone networks may become congested. It is necessary to make everyone aware at the local level to be calm in times of attacks because their calls to the person who will appear in their release might not be answered at the firs t instance of calling (Sageman, 2000). After having an official emergency rescue system and open channel of communication, it is acceptable for every person to identify their audience ground with their fellow tribe members or their friends who will assist in the event of a terror attacks. This step is particularly necessary because of the uncertainty that accompanies many terror attacks (Michael, 2006). At such times, people hardly think right and often go round in circles due to the heartache that comes with the monster incidents. Having a preliminary means that includes a meeting place reduces much trouble and helps curb the misery that is likely to be witnessed in case of terror. Also, having a meeting place way in advance helps simplify the process of coming into terms with reality and reducing the time spent in the search for a successful meeting ground. As discussed earlier, relations might become a problem in such a time and trying to discover each other will become more comp licated if there was not any agreed meeting place. While the agreed place might be a hotel, it is also crucial to include a place for pets while coming up with such a plan since many hotels policies bar pets.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Preparing for Incidents of Terrorism at the Local Level specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Many terror attacks strike when nobody is expecting them to strike. In light of this, it is crucial for every family to be educated and have hardware that the family can rely upon when the terrorism attack occurs. The number one requirement in such a kit should be medication for any sick family member that relies on them for assistance. For instance, this may include asthmatic children or treatment of diabetic individuals (Arnaud, 2007; Michael, 2006). Secondly, such a kit to rely on incase of failure should include significant essentials for every family member such clothes. In case there is a member of the family with any form of disability, it will be necessary to have all their necessities within the kit. In addition, it is necessary to include necessities for any elderly members or system food for newborn children. Having emergency equipment will make the family members more comfortable and reduce the burden of the attacks. At the local level, such kits should not miss bottled water and food since they are necessities for survival. On the other hand, having a sleeping bag and additional copies of critical certificates for every family member such as copies of the family will, copies of the driving license, life insurance policies, copies of marriage certificates, as well as birth certificates for the children will help provide closure to the package (Allan, 2003). All this can be stored in a family friend’s house inform of a duffel bag. In connection, schools also play a significant role during the planning process against terror attack; hence, they should never be neglected. As a matter of fact, it is necessary for every school to ensure it has an acceptable plan in case of terror attack. In case of such attacks, the school should instruct the children on an evacuation plan. Secondly, there should be an acceptable alignment with parents on how the children are sheltered or picked in case of an emergency. As such, schools should seek to eliminate unnecessary confusion and try to become as prepared as possible. Where parents are not available to pick up their children, the following should adequately inform the parents on what is required for someone else to pick up their child from school (Arnaud, 2007). As discussed earlier, telephone become jammed incase of disaster, and it is noteworthy that the school equips the parent with an email address that is used in cases of emergency rather than relying in the inconvenience and frustrations of jammed telephone lines.Advertising Looking for research paper on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, modern communication technologies mobilization at the local level has become efficient through the use of local radio stations. Local radio stations can be of considerable help in preparing for a terror attacks. The first step in utilizing local radio stations is to assist in case disaster strikes. This is achieved by training every practitioner in the station on how to communicate terror, as well as calm down the affected public. Officials in charge of emergency and disasters such as terrorism attacks and opinion leaders in the community should also be trained on how to address people by utilizing the local radio station. In doing so, it is necessary to know that when utilizing the media, it can be a double edging sword. The words used can either bring hope and calm to the victims of terror or accelerate tension and fear among the local communities. Therefore, the concerned individuals must consider every tone used while addressing issues of terror attacks. In co nnection, the local radio station can be a procedure that will help people assemble into a safe ground and also provide a channel of communication through which various members of the community can access each other. Emergency officials can also utilize the local radio station to direct individuals on the way forward (Arnaud, 2007). There is no better way to prepare individuals within a local community against a foreseen disaster than to train them on how to conduct first aid and evacuation strategies. As a result, the population will be well informed on the methods of assisting the injured before professional assistance can be traced. First aid is an essential tool in saving lives and equipping a proportionate number of the local community with first aid skills can be a key to saving lives (Allan, 2003). The trained individuals should be equally distributed in the region and well reliable to be in the community in case of an emergency. By being distributed in the region, the commun ity ensures that in whichever direction or location, the disaster strikes, there will be individuals well vast with first aid who will come to the rescue of the community. As a matter of fact, reliability assures availability in situations of terror attacks. As witnessed in the 911 attack, terror attacks may be accompanied by massive destruction within the transport and communication network, as well as in the affected building structures (Arnaud, 2007). As a preparatory measure, it is essential that every employer ensure they are well vast with the medical conditions of all their employees. Alongside the medical information, every employer should have sufficient contacts of members so as to allow for an effective communication (Allan, 2003). When terrorism attacks occur, health and medical facilities become jam-packed by the large number of casualties. As such, it is necessary that every health facility become prepared for such disasters; hence, ensure that they are well equipped t o handle the situation. In addition, it is necessary to equip the facilities with practitioners who will attend to the mental condition of victims, which comes as a result of trauma among some of the victims. Consequently, it will be an added advantage to have adequate personnel and bed spaces, which will ensure that there will be minimal overcrowding within such medical facilities. In the long run, all the injured persons will receive adequate treatment and be discharged in a timely manner. On several occasions, the media is perceived to have a harmful weight on the health and well being of the affected parties. This happens when media group tend to pressure already traumatized individuals into giving information about the occurrences and their experience. Therefore, it would be beneficial to try and control the media in future attacks so as to allow quick recovery among the victims of attack (Allan, 2003). While trying to establish the cause of attack, the media will go as far as intruding into the lives of the victims so as to get substantial evidence that will support their writing. As such, it will be beneficial to train the media practitioners on how to interview victims on an attack without causing further trauma. Summary of Findings Considering the legal implications of terror attacks, there will be heavy enforcement of laws at local, national and international level. At the local level, roads may be temporary blocked, and vehicles may be thoroughly scanned. It is necessary to educate legal officers to deal with the crisis appropriately while ensuring that perpetrators do not escape at close distance unnoticed. Though there are rare cases of people getting infected in the course of conducting rescue, it is necessary to educate everyone appropriately. As a first step, people should be trained to avoid direct contact with blood especially on exposed parts of their bodies and there should be readily available gloves to people conducting first aid and resc ue missions. As much as possible, children should be protected from witnessing the terror impacts as well as from watching any unedited information. Parents should be well informed in advance in order to expose children to only information that will not have a negative impact of their mental health. Another crucial way in which people can prepare for terror activities is by being keen of their surrounding and any unusual occurrence (Allan, 2003). Though terror activities strike when the victims least expects, the best way to prepare for the unusual is being aware of the usual environment. Despite, terror activities happen in unusual manners. People should be keen with their environment so that in case of any alterations within the environment, they can easily notice and report to the authority. For instance, when a person is keen with the speed limit within the locality, they can detect a vehicle that is intended to conduct some illegal business. As such, individuals must strive to be careful with strangers; hence, refrain from receiving unnecessary packages from them. Conclusions In conclusion, preparing for terrorism attacks is never an easy task for any individual or local community. At times, the community can be called to take precautionary measures like any other disaster despite the fact that terrorism is a more complex act than many other known attacks. Individuals need to be on the lookout at every single minute of their lives because it can never be easy to predict when terror attacks. As established, it is remarkably important to plan against terror attack since this will minimize the risk of the vice occurring, or limit the effect that such a disaster can cause on the local population. References Allan, M. (2003). Why Terrorism Works: Understanding The Threat Responding To The  Challenge. Yale: Yale University Press. Arnaud, G. (2007).The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to Al Qaeda. California: University of California. Michael, P. (2006). T he Terrorist Identity: Explaining the Terrorist Threat. New York, NY: New York University Press. Sageman, M. (2000). Leaderless Jihad: Terror Networks in the Twenty First Century.  London: University of Pennsylvania Press. Victor, E. (2006). Preparing the US Army for Homeland Security: Concept and Issues. New York, NY: Rand Corporation.

African American History and Women Timeline 1920-1929

African American History and Women Timeline 1920-1929 The Harlem Renaissance: also called the New Negro Movement, a blossoming of arts, culture, and social action in the African American community all through the 1920s 1920 19th Amendment to the US Constitution became law, but practically this did not give the vote to Southern African American women, who, like African American men, were largely prevented by other legal and extra-legal measures from exercising the voteMamie Smith and Her Jazz Hounds recorded the first blues record, which sold more than 75,000 copies in its first monthNational League on Urban Conditions Among Negroes shortens its name to National Urban LeagueKaty Ferguson Home founded, named for 19th century African American educatorUniversal African Black Cross Nurses founded, for public education, by the United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) led by Marcus GarveyZeta Phi Beta Sorority founded at Howard University, Washington, DCSadie Tanner Mossell Alexander received a Ph.D, the first African American woman to do so.  Eva B. Dykes (Radcliffe) and Georgiana R. Simpson (University of Chicago) follow.(October 12) Alice Childress born (writer) 1921 Bessie Coleman became the first African American woman to earn a pilots licenseAlice Paul reversed an invitation to Mary Burnett Talbert of the NAACP to speak to the National Womans Party, asserting that the NAACP supported racial equality and did not address gender equality(September 14) Constance Baker Motley born (lawyer, activist) 1922 Lucy Diggs Stowe became Howard Universitys Dean of WomenAnti-lynching bill passes United States House, fails in the United States SenateUnited Negro Improvement Association appointed Henrietta Vinton Davis as Fourth Assistant President, responding to criticism by women members of gender discrimination(August 14) Rebecca Cole died (second African American woman to graduate from medical school, worked with Elizabeth Blackwell in New York) 1923 Bessie Smith recorded Down Hearted Blues, signing a contract with Columbia to make race records, and helping rescue Columbia from imminent failureGertrude Ma Rainey recorded her first record(September) Cotton Club opened in Harlem - women entertainers were subjected to the paper bag test: only those whose skin color was lighter than a brown paper bag were hired(October 15) Mary Burnett Talbert died (activist: anti-lynching, civil rights; nurse; NAACP director, president of the National Association of Colored Women 1916-1921)(November 9) Alice Coachman born (first African American woman to win an Olympic gold medal ((London, high jump)), National Track and Field Hall of Fame)(November 9) Dorothy Dandridge born (actress, singer, dancer) 1924 Mary Montgomery Booze became the first African American woman elected to the Republican National CommitteeElizabeth Ross Hayes became the first African American woman board member of the YWCA(March 13) Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin died (journalist, activist, lecturer)(March 27) Sarah Vaughan born (singer)(May 31) Patricia Roberts Harris born (lawyer, politician, diplomat)(August 29) Dinah Washington (Ruth Lee Jones) born (singer)(October 27) Ruby Dee born (actress, playwright, activist)(November 30) Shirley Chisholm born (social worker, politician; first African American woman to serve in the US Congress)(December 7) Willie B. Barrow born (minister, civil rights activist)1924-1928 Mary McLeod Bethune served as president of the National Association of Colored Womens Clubs (NACWC) 1925 Founding of the Hesperus Club of Harlem, the first womens auxiliary of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car PortersBessie Smith and Louis Armstrong recorded St. Louis BluesJosephine Baker performed in Paris at La Revue Negro(June 4) Mary Murray Washington died (educator, founder of the Tuskegee Womans Club, wife of Booker T. Washington) 1926 First Negro History Week promoted by Carter G. WoodsonYWCA adopted an interracial charterAfrican American women were beaten in Birmingham, Alabama, for attempting to register to votePublication of Hallie Browns  Homespun Heroines and Other Women of Distinction, profiles of notable African American womenViolette N. Anderson became the first African American woman attorney to present a case before the U.S. Supreme CourtBessie Coleman died (pilot) 1927 Minnie Buckingham was appointed to fill her husbands remaining term in the West Virginia state legislatureSelena Sloan Butler founded the National Congress of Colored Parents and Teachers, focusing on segregated colored schools in the South (merged with PTA in 1970)Mary White Ovington published Portraits in Color, biographies of African American leadersFuneral for actress Florence Mills drew more than 150,000 in HarlemNella Larsens novel, Quicksand, publishedJosephine Baker played in La Sirene des tropiquesTuskegee established a womens track teamCoretta Scott King born (activist, singer)(February 10) Leontyne Price born (singer)(April 25) Althea Gibson born (tennis athlete, first African American to play in American Lawn Tennis Association championship, first African American to win at Wimbledon) 1928 Publication of An Autumn Love Cycle by Georgia Douglas Johnson(April 4) Maya Angelou born 1929 Regina Anderson helped found Harlems Negro Experimental TheaterAugusta Savage won Rosenwald grant for Gamin and used the funds to study in EuropeBessie Smith recorded Nobody Knows You When Youre Down and Out(May 16) Betty Carter born (jazz singer)(October) stock market crash, a sign of the oncoming Great Depression, where African Americans, including women, were usually the last hired, first fired(1929-1934) Maggie Lena Walker chaired Consolidated Bank and Trust, which she created by merging several Richmond, Virginia, banks

Free Trade and its Benefits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Free Trade and its Benefits - Essay Example e study of this subject very seriously. According to Lipsey,International Trade is a transaction and trade of goods and services between two individuals living in different countries,two companies operating in different countries and even two governments indulging in some form of trading activity.International trade becomes Free Trade when there are no taxes, quotas and tariffs are levied to these transactions. International trade becomes controlled trade when taxes and quotas are present in the trade activity involving two parties from different countries.There are certain advantages of Free Trade such as efficiency,improved standard of living and foreign earning.The disadvantages of Free Trade are plenty too.These include government revenue loss, deterioration for local industry and outflow of foreign reserves.It is widely believed that free trade leads to efficiency.This can be explained by a diagram,but we must keep in mind that opposite of free trade is one where the host govern ment charges either tariffs or quotas on imported goods. In the above diagram, it can be seen that free trade is more meritorious to a situation where either no international trade is taking place or where the trade is not free. At first there is no free trade. The market is work at a point where D=S or where demand is equated to supply. The equilibrium quantity of goods traded at this point is represented by â€Å"Y†. If the country decided to indulge in free trade then SW will become the supply curve and fewer goods will be traded in the market at point â€Å"Y1†. The reason why the quantity of goods traded in the market is reduced is because the imported goods are cheaper and local production of goods has reduced and the gap between Y-Y1 is filled by imported goods. This is a point of controversy and economists who are against Free Trade argue that free trade will lead to closure and downsizing of local businesses resulting in massive unemployment in the country. Un der these circumstances Free Trade looks like an evil and it looks a valid claim that imported goods should be stopped from penetrating the local markets. However, the supporters of Free Trade claim that it leads to better utilization of world’s scarce resources. They use the theories of absolute and comparative advantage to justify their claim and recommends that the country should divert from production of goods in which it does not have an absolute and comparative advantage to the good where these advantages can be exploited. However, many countries choose a different route and exploit the benefits of allocative efficiency. They charge some sort of taxes to imported goods or give subsidies to local industries to make sure that local production remains high and local industries are able to compete with the imported goods. This leads to partial improvement in local industries situation, but at the expense of efficiency. Hence, one can see that any trade that is taxed or rest ricted cannot yield same amount of efficiency as uncontrolled trade. Free Trade also renders certain other advantages too. It leads to an increase in choices that people can make. This is a necessary condition for improvement in living standard of people. Hence, Free Trade allows people to live a better life. Free Trade

Environmental Regulation and Protection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Environmental Regulation and Protection - Essay Example The political factors include; environmental regulation and protection, consumer protection, international trade regulations, employment laws, taxation, and competition regulations among others. Environmental Regulation and Protection The government through Environmental Protection Agency imposes various rules and regulations to protect the environment. These rules impact on businesses directly especially the manufacturing industries which are high pollutants of environment. Moreover, customers are nowadays buying products from green companies who are environmentally friendly thus putting pressure on businesses to go green (Robbins & Coulter, 2009).Those businesses who have not appreciated green strategies thus risk losing their businesses. The New South Wales Department of Environment and Climate Change (DECC) is the body concerned with environmental regulation through Protection of Environment Operations Act (PEOA) of 1997. Businesses are supposed to acquire licenses and carry out environmental training for the staff. Strict penalties and fines are applied to those individuals and businesses that contravene the law and pollute water, air, land and for improper waste management. The organization thus needs to continuously update itself on environmental laws to avoid prosecution. For example, a copper manufacturer was fined $28, 000 for causing toxic overflow in Sydney (NSW, 2011). Fernando (2010) argues that businesses should convert environment issues to their own advantage. Those businesses who protect the environment earn themselves a good reputation. Others engage in continuous innovations hence improving the environment as well as the business. Businesses also are forced to use environmentally friendly product and packages and also processes and these are cost effective. For example, McDonalds was forced to use recycled materials in packaging and transport by customers. Consumer Protection The government has the responsibility of protecting consumers form uncouth businessmen through various measures such as setting quality standards, safety standards and ensuring efficient distribution of goods and services (Fernando 2010). Sometimes, businessmen carry out extensive advertisement of products thus attracting buyers but the goods may be substandard. It is the role of government to ensure all relevant information is put on labels to avoid such instances. It also enforces regulations such as those stipulated on standard weight and measures Act, consumer protection Act among others. Such rules impact on the business as it is required to change its advertising techniques as well as pricing. For example, a government control on cigarettes may force businesses to close or lower production. In India, the Essential Commodity Act of 1955 allows the government to declare any commodity as essential hence control its production and distribution (Fernando, 2010). International Trade Regulations Most countries have opened their borders to free trad e but sometimes, they enforce trade restrictions to protect critical industries from competition. Most countries have also entered into trade agreements with trading partners and these agreements form basis for international trade rules. For example, World Trade Organization (WTO), North America